Chk1, Chk2, and MK2

cause cell cycle arrest by inhibiting Cdc25

stabilizing the transcription factor p53, which induces the transcription of CKI p21 

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Altruism

Altruistic acts serve to benefit the individual’s close relatives, or kin. They enhance the fitness of other individuals—their offspring—at a cost to themselves.

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An individual carrying the allele can pass copies of it to his or her own children. This is the allele’s direct fitness. The allele can also pass extra copies of itself to the next generation as the result of the increased fitness of relatives that benefit from the altruistic individual’s actions. This is the allele’s indirect fitness. 

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Allele’s inclusive fitness = Direct fitness + Indirect fitness

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Hamilton’s rule

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Degree of genetic relatedness

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