glutamate (E200) and arginine (R209) participate in binding of cAMP, which causes a conformational change in the loop that prevents binding of the loop to the C subunit.

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Amount of change in allele frequency as a result of mutation equals the mutation rate times the allelic frequency

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The overall change in allelic frequency is a balance between the opposing forces of forward mutation and reverse  mutation:

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Determining allelic frequencies at equilibrium

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Migration

Change in the allelic frequencies is the influx of genes from other populations, commonly called migration or gene flow

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Amount of change in allelic frequency due to migration

m= proportional of migratory individual in  recipient population

qI – frequency of allele in source population  

qII – frequency of allele in recipient population