Close inbreeding is harmful because it increases the proportion of homozygotes and thereby boosts the probability that deleterious and lethal recessive alleles.

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#Id: 9934

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Cell wall endotoxins of some gram-negative bacteria activate macrophages, resulting in release of high levels of IL-1 and TNF-α, which can cause septic shock.

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#Id: 9935

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In staphylococcal food poisoning and toxic shock syndrome, exotoxins produced by the pathogens function as superantigens, which can activate all T cells. 

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#Id: 9936

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Extracellular Bacteria

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#Id: 9937

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Intracellular bacterial

Intracellular bacterial infections tend to induce a cell-mediated immune response, specifically DTH. 

In this response, cytokines secreted by CD4+ T cells are important—most notably IFN-ϒ, which activates macrophages.

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#Id: 9938

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Host immune responses and bacterial evasion mechanisms

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#Id: 9939

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Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Pulmonary infection usually results from inhalation of small droplets of respiratory secretions containing a few bacilli.