Prodomain forms disulfide linkages that localize the latent TGF-β to the surface of the secreting cell (GARP), to a nearby cell, or to the extracellular matrix (LTBP).

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Effect of light is Photomorphogenesis

 A decrease in the rate of stem elongation

The beginning of apical-hook straightening

The initiation of the synthesis of pigments

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Phytochromes are photoreceptors that absorb red and far-red light most strongly (600–750 nm)

they also absorb blue light (350-500 nm) and UV-A radiation (320–400 nm).

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The amount of light is referred to as the fluence, which is defined as the total number of photons impinging on a unit surface area. Total fluence = fluence rate × the length of time