Group Living Has Advantages and Disadvantages

When animals live together in groups such as flocks or herds

Disadvantage- Group promote competition for food and increased transmission of parasites and other diseases.

Advantage - Benefits relate to group defense against predators through increased vigilance and through protection in numbers.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9352

#XL - T Zoology

RIII, also called β-glycan, is a cell-surface proteoglycan.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9353

#XL - T Zoology

The function of RIII for TGF-β receptors is similar to that of the α subunit of the IL-2 receptor 

(means facilitating TGF-β binding to the RII and RI)

   

         

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9355

#XL - T Zoology

Most cells lack RIII, TGF-β binds directly to the RII

dimer, but Active RII kinase activity is not sufficient to generate an intracellular signal

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9356

#XL - T Zoology

RI will not bind to RII unless RII is bound to TGF-β.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9357

#XL - T Zoology

RII phosphorylates serine and threonine in the juxtamembrane segment of the RI (ligand induced receptor hetero-oligomerization), releasing the inhibition of RI kinase activity.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9358

#XL - T Zoology

Active type I receptor kinase phosphorylates a Smad