Phytoplasmas are specialized bacteria that are obligate parasites of the phloem tissue. They are mainly

spread by insects in the families Cicadellidae (leaf hoppers),

Fulgoroidae (plant hoppers), and Psyllidae (jumping plant

lice). 

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Antimicrobial proteins

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Antimicrobial peptide

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Antimicrobial peptides generally are cysteine-rich, cationic, and amphipathic. 

Because of their positive charge and amphipathic nature, they interact with acidic phospholipids in lipid bilayers, forming pores and disrupting the membranes of bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses.

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Defensins and cathelicidin LL-37 are secreted constitutively by epithelial cells in many tissues, and are stored as well in neutrophil granules, where they contribute to killing phagocytosed microbes.

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Cellular innate immune responses

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Phagocytosis