Many different types of bacterial Avr effectors delivered by type III secretion have been identified to be enzymes such as phosphatases, proteases, phosphoserine lyases, or E3 ubiquitin ligases that attenuate host defense signaling.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8118

#XL - Q Biochemistry

 Glycosphingolipids as determinants of blood groups.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8117

#XL - Q Biochemistry

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8116

#XL - Q Biochemistry

Fingolimod—a Sphingosine-1-P Mimic Is an Oral Drug for Multiple Sclerosis

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#Id: 8115

#XL - Q Biochemistry

Excreted S1P provokes many different cell and tissue effects, among them inflammation in allergic reactions, cell proliferation, angiogenesis, malignant transformation, and movement and migration of certain cells.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8114

#XL - Q Biochemistry

Sphingosine itself can be phosphorylated to produce sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) inside cells. 

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8112

#XL - Q Biochemistry

The amino group at C-2 bears a fatty acid in amide linkage.

The fatty acid is usually saturated or monounsaturated, with 16, 18, 22, or 24 carbon atoms.

Ceramide is the parent compound for this group.