Three major types of insect herbivores

Phloem feeders, such as aphids and whiteflies, cause little damage to the epidermis and mesophyll cells. Phloem feeders insert their narrow stylet, which is an elongated mouthpart, into the phloem sieve tubes of leaves and stems. 

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Engineering T Cells to Recognize Tumor Antigens

When reactivated by inhibition of the immune checkpoint, have the capacity to recognize and kill some tumors with a large burden of mutations.

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Binding of the extracellular TCR domain to a MHC-peptide complex triggers activation of ZAP70 protein tyrosine kinases attached to the cytosolic domains of the two adjacent ζ chains. 

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The idea behind CARs was to engineer the T-cell receptor to trigger activation of ZAP70 in response to the presence of a tumor-specific antigen rather than the MHC peptide complex. 

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