Three major types of insect herbivores

Phloem feeders, such as aphids and whiteflies, cause little damage to the epidermis and mesophyll cells. Phloem feeders insert their narrow stylet, which is an elongated mouthpart, into the phloem sieve tubes of leaves and stems. 

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9980

#XL - T Zoology

Notum, a hydrolase that associates with glypican and then cleaves off Wnt’s attached lipids in a process of deacylation or delipidation.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9981

#XL - T Zoology

Delipidation process reduces Wnt signaling, creates a negative feedback mechanism for preventing excessive Wnt signaling.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9982

#XL - T Zoology

Frizzled receptor possesses a unique hydrophobic cleft adapted to interact with lipidated Wnts, a binding conformation mimicked in Notum’s structure as well.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9983

#XL - T Zoology

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9984

#XL - T Zoology

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9985

#XL - T Zoology

Antagonists of Wnt:

Secreted frizzled-related protein (Sfrp)

Wnt inhibitory factor (Wif)

Dickkopf (Dkk) family