The Forces of Evolution

Mutation, 

Genetic drift

Gene flow or migration

Selection

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Electronegativity is a measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons. The Pauling scale is the most commonly used.

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Linus Pauling was the original scientist to describe the phenomena Binal scientist t ES of electronegativity

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Electron affinity: The enthalpy change that results from adding an electron to a gaseous atom.

Electron affinity is becoming less negative (less exothermic) and less likely to gain an electron. 

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Ranks the following in increasing atomic radius

S, Mg, Al

S: 16-10 +6

Mg: 12-10 = +2

Al: 13-10 +3

So: S < AlMg

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The greater the effective nuclear charge the more tightly an electron is held in by the nucleus because there is less electron shield between the valence electrons and the nucleus, and so, the smaller the radius.

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