Plants that increase stem extension in response to shading are said to exhibit a shade avoidance response.

As shading increases, the R:FR ratio decreases. Shade means far red light

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10314

#XL - Q Biochemistry

Tumors that arise from exposure to mutagens, such as melanomas (UV light) and lung carcinomas (tobacco smoke) the number of mutations may be hundredfold greater than this. These altered proteins are known as neo-antigens

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10315

#XL - Q Biochemistry

Cancer cells influence the behavior of the fibroblasts and immune cells.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10316

#XL - Q Biochemistry

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10317

#XL - Q Biochemistry

Cytotoxic T Cells target tumor cells

Most tumor cells, express MHC class I molecules on their surface, cytotoxic T cells can directly recognize them. 

cytotoxic T cells can result in killing of the tumor cells by two different mechanisms

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10318

#XL - Q Biochemistry

Cytotoxic T cells release granules containing the proteins perforin and granzyme-B. 

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10319

#XL - Q Biochemistry

Fas-L on the cytotoxic T cell binds to its receptor, the Fas protein on the tumor cells, an apoptotic signaling pathway in the tumor cells becomes activated, which also leads to tumor cell death.