Viral Infections

Virus enters a cell via a cell-surface receptor for which it has affinity and preempts cell biosynthetic machinery to replicate all components of itself, including its genome.

This genome replication step is often error prone, generating numerous mutations.

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Learned behaviors - which are genetically hardwired and can be performed without any prior experience or training.

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Caused of behaviour

Proximate causes - The subject of cell biology, neurobiology, and many other biological disciplines

Ultimate causes - Their historical causes, especially the action of natural selection

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Innate behaviour

Reflex - Allow us to move in response to something in the environment.

The reflex which causes us to close our eyes when something flashes towards us, or to withdraw a foot when we step on a sharp object.

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The latency between a dog encountering a painful stimulus with its leg and showing the flexion reflex in which, it withdraws its leg usually lies between 60 and 200 ms

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