There are 18 different antigenic subtypes for HA and 11 for NA.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9757

#XL - R Botany

Plant species produce lectins, defensive proteins that bind to carbohydrates or carbohydrate-containing proteins.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9758

#XL - R Botany

Plant species produce cysteine protease, which disrupt the

peritrophic membrane that protects the gut epithelium of many insects.

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#Id: 9759

#XL - R Botany

Antidigestive proteins in plants are the proteinase inhibitors. Found in legumes, tomato, and other plants, these substances block the action of herbivore proteolytic enzymes

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#Id: 9760

#XL - R Botany

Many plants release a specific bouquet of volatile organic compounds when attacked by insect herbivores. These volatiles can consist of compounds from all major pathways for secondary metabolites including terpenoids (mono- and sesquiterpenes), alkaloids (indole), and phenylpropanes (methyl salicylate), as well as green-leaf volatiles. 

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#Id: 9761

#XL - R Botany

These VOCs are herbivore– induced plant volatiles (HIPV) HIPV and act as cues for natural enemies of the insect herbivore, for example parasitic wasps.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9762

#XL - R Botany

When maize plants were exposed to green-leaf volatiles (VOCs), JA and JA-related gene expression were rapidly induced.