Fungal disease

The barriers of innate immunity control most fungi.

Phagocytosis by neutrophils is a strong defense against most fungi

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Life History Strategies Incorporate Traits Relating to Survival and Competitive Ability.

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Age at first reproduction

Earlier age →  Later age 

Clutch size

Large clutch size → small clutch size

Small size →  Large size

Trade off

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Reproductive strategies

1.Semelparity

2.Iteroparity

Semelparity - When organisms reproduce only once during their life

Ex- insects, other invertebrates, and occurs in organisms such as salmon, bamboo grasses, and agave plants

Iteroparity - When organisms reproduce multiple times during their life.

It is common in most vertebrates and perennial plants, such as trees

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Iteroparity - Repeated reproduction at intervals throughout the life cycle. It is common in most vertebrates and perennial plants, such as trees

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Type of iteroparity

Seasonal iteroparity- Many species, such as birds or mammals, or temperate forest trees, have distinct breeding seasons Continuous iteroparity- individuals reproduce repeatedly and at any time of the year. 

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