Wnt/calcium pathway leads to the release of calcium stored within cells, and calcium acts as an important secondary messenger to modulate the function of many downstream targets.

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#XL - R Botany

1. Prop Roots- hanging structures that support a banyan tree

Stilt roots of Sugarcane and Maize are supporting roots which arise from the lower nodes of the stem. These roots grow downwards and penetrate the soil and provide mechanical support to the plant.

Ex- Sugarcane  

3.Climbing roots

climbers can climb up their supports as adventitious roots growing from the nodes.

e.g., Pothos (money plant)

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#XL - R Botany

Modification of stem

I.Aerial stem modification

Aerial modification can be classified into tendrils, thorns, and phylloclade. 

Stem tendrils which develop from axillary buds, are slender and spirally coiled and help plants to climb such as in gourds (cucumber, pumpkins, watermelon) and grapevines

I.Aerial stem modification

Some plants of arid regions modify their stems into flattened (Opuntia), or fleshy cylindrical (Euphorbia) structures. They contain chlorophyll and carryout photosynthesis.

Example- Cactus (Opuntia), Sparrow grass (Asparagus), etc. 

I.Aerial stem modification

Axillary buds of stems may also get modified into woody, straight and pointed thorns, hard, spiny structure protect plants from grazing animals.

Found in many plants such as- Pomegranate (Punica granatum), Paper flower (Bougainvillea glabra), Lemon (Citrus limon), etc.

II.Subaerial Stem modification

Subaerial modification can be classified into four types, namely stolon, runner, sucker, and offset. 

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#XL - R Botany

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#XL - R Botany

III. Underground stem modification

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#XL - R Botany

III. Underground Stem modification

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#XL - R Botany

Feature of leaves

A typical leaf consists of three main parts;

a) Leaf base

b) Petiole

c) Lamina

Feature of leaves

leaf base and may bear two lateral small leaf like structures called stipules.

In some leguminous plants the leaf base may become swollen, which is called the Pulvinus

Feature of leaves

The lamina or the leaf blade is the green expanded part of the leaf with veins and veinlets. There is, usually, a middle prominent vein, which is known as the midrib.