In an ______________ plasmid, replication occurs in two stages. In the first stage, the double stranded circular plasmid DNA replicates to form another double-stranded circular DNA and a single-stranded circular DNA, In the second stage, the complementary strand is synthesized on the single-stranded DNA to make another double-stranded DNA.

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#Question id: 34346

#XL - S Microbiology

Which of the following statements are true regarding D-value (Decimal Reduction Time)?

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#Question id: 34347

#XL - S Microbiology

Which of the following are true about the Z-value?

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#Question id: 34348

#XL - S Microbiology

Which of the following correctly distinguish Thermal Death Point (TDP) and Thermal Death Time (TDT)?

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#Question id: 34349

#XL - S Microbiology

Which of the following plots can be used to determine TDT and Z-value?

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#Question id: 34350

#XL - S Microbiology

Which of the following conclusions can be drawn if TDT decreases as temperature increases?

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#Question id: 34351

#XL - S Microbiology

A microbial population is reduced from 1 × 10⁶ CFU/mL to 1 × 10³ CFU/mL after 9 minutes at 121°C. Assume first-order kinetics. What is the D-value (in minutes) at 121°C?