Following statements are regarding to the some cancers harbor characteristic chromosome alterations. Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), a common leukemia in humans, was found to be associated with the Philadelphia chromosome.

A. Philadelphia chromosome is generated by a translocation between chromosomes 22 and 9. The two chromosomes exchange their terminal regions, which leads to a characteristic alteration in the size of chromosome 9.

B. At the breakpoint of this translocation, a new fusion protein, the BCR-ABL fusion, is generated.

C. The BCR-ABL fusion protein is a constitutively active kinase that phosphorylates multiple signal-transducing proteins.

D. If this translocation occurs in a hematopoietic cell in the bone marrow, the activity of the chimeric BCR-ABL oncogene dephosphorylate proteins thereby activating many intracellular signal-transducing proteins.

Which of the following statements are incorrect?

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#Question id: 12053

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Swallowing is a complex process that involves signaling between the pharynx and swallowing center in the brainstem. Which of the following structures is critical for determining whether a bolus of food is small enough to be swallowed?

TLS Online TPP Program

#Question id: 12052

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Parasympathetic stimulation increases gastrointestinal motility and sympathetic stimulation decreases motility. The autonomic nervous system controls gut motility by changing which of the following?

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#Question id: 12051

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Migrating motility complexes (MMC) occur about every 90 min between meals and are thought to be stimulated by the gastrointestinal hormone, motilin. An absence of MMCs causes an increase in which of the following?

TLS Online TPP Program

#Question id: 12050

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

A clinical experiment is conducted in which one group of subjects is given 50 g of glucose intravenously and another group is given 50 g of glucose orally. Which of the following factors can explain why the oral glucose load is cleared from the blood at a faster rate compared to the intravenous glucose load? (CCK, cholecystokinin; GLIP, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide; VIP, vasoactive intestinal peptide)

TLS Online TPP Program

#Question id: 12049

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Which of the following hormones is released by the presence of fat and protein in the small intestine and has a major effect to decrease gastric emptying?

TLS Online TPP Program

#Question id: 12048

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

A 10-year-old boy consumes a cheeseburger, fries, and chocolate shake. The meal stimulates the release of several gastrointestinal hormones. The presence of fat, carbohydrate, or protein in the duodenum stimulates the release of which of the following hormones from the duodenal mucosa?