During which stage of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is the risk for physiological harm, such as reduced immunity and increased susceptibility to physical or mental illness, greatest?

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#Question id: 15361

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

The chemical benzo(a)pyrene, found in cigarette smoke as well as in coal tar, undergoes metabolic activation in the lungs to form a potent mutagen that mainly, causes conversion of guanine (G) to thymine (T) bases, a transversion mutation, When applied to cultured bronchial epithelial cells, activated benzo(a)pyrene induces many mutations, including inactivating mutations of the p53 gene, at codon number______

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#Question id: 15307

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

In attached table some Tumor‐Suppressor Genes are given with their inherited syndrome; select correctly matched genes with their causing syndrome

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#Question id: 15306

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

The transformation of a normal cell to a cancer cell is accompanied  by the loss of function of one or more tumor‐suppressor genes. High‐throughput sequencing studies have identified hundreds of genes that are implicated as tumor suppressors in humans. Some of the better characterized genes;

Gene	Primary tumor	Proposed function
i) APC	Colorectal	Binds β ‐catenin acting as transcription factor
ii) BRCA1	Breast	DNA repair
iii) MSH2, MLH1	Melanoma, pancreatic	p16: Cdk inhibitor ARF: stabilizes p53
iv) E‐Cadherin	Breast, colon	Cell adhesion molecule
v) INK4a	Colorectal	Mismatch repair
vi) NF1	Neurofibromas	Activates GTPase of Ras

Choose incorrect matching regarding tumor‐suppressor genes/primary tumor/proposed functions;

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#Question id: 15305

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

The multi-hit model, which proposes that multiple mutations are needed to cause cancer, which of the following is incorrect regarding to this model?

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#Question id: 15304

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

An activating mutation of one of the two alleles of a proto-oncogene converts it into an oncogene, This can occur by EXCEPT

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#Question id: 15303

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Neurofibromatosis, a benign tumor of the sheath cells that surround nerves, is caused by

a.  Loss of both alleles of NF1

b.  Mutation in RAS GAP-type protein

c.  A single mutant NF1 allele

d.  Mutation in SRC protein