We can represent atoms by listing the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons—for example, 2p+, 2n0, 2e- for helium. Which of the following represents the 18O isotope of oxygen?

#Question id: 14159

#I Life Science/ Life Sciences Group – I-V

#Question id: 10398

#SCPH05 I Biotechnology

#Question id: 337

#SCPH06 I Botany

Which statement below is true about the relative lifetime of a hydrogen bond, compared to the rate of water’s ionization to hydroxide ions and hydronium ions?

#Question id: 8890

#SCPH06 I Botany

#Question id: 9591

#SCPH06 I Botany

In light reaction, the funneling of excitation from the antenna system toward the reaction centre has been shown,

a.) The excited-state energy of pigments increases with distance from the reaction centre; that is, pigments closer to the reaction centre are lower in energy than those farther from the reaction centre

b.) The energy gradient ensures that excitation transfer toward the reaction centre is energetically favorable and that excitation transfer back out to the peripheral portions of the antenna is energetically unfavourable

c.) Some energy is lost as heat to the environment by this process, but under optimal conditions almost all the excitation energy absorbed in the antenna complexes can be delivered to the reaction centre

d.) The excited-state energy of  pigments decreases with distance from the reaction centre

Which of the following above combination is true?