Four stages of the evolutionary progression of cancer:

Initiation→Cancer progression → Evasion of cancer cell elimination  → Tumor growth and dispersal 

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1649

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Heavy chain types- μ, ϒ, α, δ or ε light chain types- κ or λ

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1650

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Hinge region provide the flexibility  and  found in only IgD, IgG and IgA, while hinge region are not found in other two antibodies IgM and IgE.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1651

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

J-chain is found in only IgM and IgA.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1652

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Whenever IgM is found on to the B-cell, present in the monomeric form, and when the B-cell release the IgM in the cytoplasm/blood  then it is present in the  pentameric  form.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1653

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Monomeric form of antibody IgA found on the blood, while  dimeric form of antibody IgA found in the Gut.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1654

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Membrane bound antibody=IgM and IgD Secreted form antibody= IgA, IgE, IgG