By scramblase, appearance of phosphatidylserine on the outer surface, act as “eat me” signal

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10566

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10567

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Inflammation due to necroptosis has been implicated in mediating major human inflammatory diseases: rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease,

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease and progressive atherosclerotic lesions

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1607

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Toll protein surprisingly revealed that its cytoplasmic signaling domain was homologous to that of the vertebrate receptor for the cytokine IL-1 (IL-1R).

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1608

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Apoptotic cells attract phagocytes by releasing the lipid mediator lysophosphatidic acid, which functions as a chemoattractant.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1609

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

TLRs 1-10 are conserved between mice and humans, although TLR10 is not functional in mice, while TLRs 11-13 are expressed in mice but not in humans.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1610

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

In most cases each TLR dimerizes with itself, forming a homodimer, but TLR2 forms heterodimers by pairing with either TLR1 or TLR6.