ATP-powered pumps use the energy released by hydrolysis of the terminal phosphoanhydride bond of ATP to transport ions.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 2281

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

This consensus sequence was derived by aligning 300 sequences known to function as s70 promoters and ascertaining the most common base found at each position in the –35 and –10 hexamers.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 2282

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

Note that there is no significant consensus among the 17–19 nucleotides that lie in the region between –35 and –10.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 2283

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

Nicks and gaps are good sites for RNA polymerase to bind nonspecifically

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 2284

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

Presence of the s-subunit permitted recognition of authentic RNA polymerase binding sites

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 2285

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

Polymerase binding sites are called promoters

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 2286

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

Transcription that begins at promoters is specific, directed by the s-subunit