a-tubulin and b-tubulin comprising 445–450 amino acids, which are tightly held together by noncovalent bonds.

TLS Online TPP Program

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Insulin receptor leads to the activation of PKB

TLS Online TPP Program

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Main action of the PKB signaling pathway

An increase in uptake of glucose from the blood within minutes.

TLS Online TPP Program

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Fat and muscle cells express large amounts of the insulin-responsive glucose transporter GLUT4

TLS Online TPP Program

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

In resting cells, the majority of the GLUT4 protein is

localized to specialized GLUT4 storage vesicles (GSVs)

TLS Online TPP Program

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

GSVs tethered to the Golgi matrix, by a protein termed TUG (Tether containing a UBX domain for GLUT4).

TLS Online TPP Program

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Binding of insulin to its receptor triggers activation of a protease that catalyzes a site-specific endoproteolytic cleavage of TUG