Hard keratins make up hair and nails. These keratins are rich in cysteine residues that become oxidized to form disulfide bridges, thereby strengthening the proteins.

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#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Reduced Ventricular Filling (Diastasis)

Longest phase of the cardiac cycle and final portion of ventricular filling, occurs at a slower rate.

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#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Reduced Ventricular Filling (Diastasis)

Changes in heart rate alter the time available for Diastasis.

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#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Atrial systole marks the end of diastole, at which point ventricular volume is equal to end-diastolic volume.

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#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

The function of the ventricles is described by the following three parameters: 

Stroke volume 

Ejection fraction 

Cardiac output

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#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Stroke volume is the volume of blood ejected by the ventricle on each beat.

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#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Ejection fraction is the fraction of the end-diastolic volume ejected in each stroke volume, which is a measure of ventricular efficiency.