DNA Vaccines

Utilizes plasmid DNA encoding antigenic proteins that are injected directly into the muscle of the recipient. DNA vaccine- Zydus cadila vaccine, HPV (in clinical testing) Zika virus (in clinical testing)

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9522

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

The bacterial blight pathogen of rice (Oryza sativa), Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, secretes a highly conserved sulfated peptide called Ax21, which mediates quorum sensing by controlling Xanthomonas motility, biofilm formation, and virulence.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9523

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Three major types of insect herbivores

Phloem feeders, such as aphids and whiteflies, cause little damage to the epidermis and mesophyll cells. Phloem feeders insert their narrow stylet, which is an elongated mouthpart, into the phloem sieve tubes of leaves and stems. 

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9524

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

The amount of direct injury to the plant is low, when these insects serve as vectors for plant viruses they can cause great damage.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9525

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Cell-content feeders, such as mites and thrips, are piercing-and-sucking insects that cause an intermediate amount of physical damage to plant cells.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9526

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Chewing insects, such as caterpillars, grasshoppers, and beetles, cause the most significant damage to plants. 

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9527

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Plant viruses are biotrophs and they enters in the plants via plasmodesmata and phloem