Character                         early stage         late stage 

Root to shoot ratio                    high             low

Number of seed                         many            few

Seed size                                     small            large

Biotic potential                           high             low

Productivity per biomass           high             low

NPP                                              high             low

P/R ratio                                        >1               =1

Nutrient cycling                       open             closed

Importance of detrivores          less              more

Stratification                               No               Yes 

Regeneration ability                 more              less

Resistance ability                        less              more

#Id: 2470

#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

Electrophoretic mobility and Electroendosmosis force combinedly functions in Capillary zone Electrophoresis

#Id: 2471

#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

In electrophoretic separation the phenomenon of electroendosmosis (also known as electro-osmotic flow) which is due to the presence of charged groups on the surface of the support medium.

#Id: 2472

#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

Three basically different electrophoretic separation methods are performed in practice nowadays

 Electrophoresis, sometimes called Zone Electrophoresis (ZE) GE

 Isotachophoresis (ITP) SDS PAGE

Isoelectric focusing (IEF).

#Id: 2473

#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

In ZE a homogeneous buffer system is used over the whole separation time and range so as to ensure a constant pH value.

#Id: 2474

#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

In ITP, the separation is carried out in a discontinuous buffer system. The ionized sample migrates between a leading electrolyte with a high mobility and a terminating – sometimes called trailing – ion with a low mobility, all of them migrating with the same speed.

#Id: 2475

#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

IEF takes place in a pH gradient and can only be used for amphoteric substances such as peptides and proteins. The charged molecules move toward the anode or the cathode until they reach a position in the pH gradient where their net charges are zero. This pH value is the “isoelectric point” (pI) of the substance.