During the transition to the open complex, the conformation of both the RNA polymerase and the DNA change. 

1) 90° bend in the DNA, which allows the template strand to approach the active site of the enzyme; 

2) strand opening of the promoter DNA between -11 and +3 with respect to the transcription start site; 

3) the promoter DNA scrunches into the active channel forming the transcription bubble; and 

4) closing of the jaws of the enzyme to encircle the section of the promoter downstream section of the transcription start site.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1891

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

T-cell education

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 1316

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

G protein coupled receptor contains seven membrane-spanning α helices & heterotrimeric G protein.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8526

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

Polyglutamylation and polyglycylation are likely mutually exclusive, so they would not normally occur at the same time & both can enhance microtubule stability,

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9140

#Unit 10. Ecological Principles

Brood parasitism is a specific kind of kleptoparasitism in which individuals manipulate others to feed and look after their young.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9019

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Five pivotal enzymes are regulated by Ferredoxin–thioredoxin Fd-Thrx system