In planaria, Wnts functioning through β-catenin promotes tail development while repressing head regeneration

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#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Reduced Ventricular Filling (Diastasis)

Changes in heart rate alter the time available for Diastasis.

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#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Atrial systole marks the end of diastole, at which point ventricular volume is equal to end-diastolic volume.

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#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

The function of the ventricles is described by the following three parameters: 

Stroke volume 

Ejection fraction 

Cardiac output

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#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Stroke volume is the volume of blood ejected by the ventricle on each beat.

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#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Ejection fraction is the fraction of the end-diastolic volume ejected in each stroke volume, which is a measure of ventricular efficiency.

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#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Cardiac output is the total volume ejected by the ventricle per unit time.