The band-sharpening effect relies on the fact that negatively charged glycinate ions (in the electrophoresis buffer) have a lower electrophoretic mobility than do the protein–SDS complexes, which, in turn, have lower mobility than the chloride ions (Cl − ) of the loading buffer and the stacking gel buffer. 

[Cl−] > [protein–SDS] > [glycinate].

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 7834

#Unit 1. Molecules and their Interaction Relevant to Biology

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 7835

#Unit 1. Molecules and their Interaction Relevant to Biology

Aldoses with at least three carbons and ketoses with at least four carbons contain chiral centers

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 7836

#Unit 1. Molecules and their Interaction Relevant to Biology

A carbon atom with four different substituents is said to be asymmetric, and asymmetric carbons are called chiral centers

Chiral carbon most distant from the carbonyl carbon has the same configuration as the chiral carbon in D-glyceraldehyde.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 7838

#Unit 1. Molecules and their Interaction Relevant to Biology

For monosaccharides with two or more asymmetric carbons, the prefix d or l refers to the configuration of the highest numbered asymmetric carbon (the asymmetric carbon farthest from the carbonyl carbon).

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 7839

#Unit 1. Molecules and their Interaction Relevant to Biology

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 7840

#Unit 1. Molecules and their Interaction Relevant to Biology

Stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other are called enantiomers