Probe length for PCR – the longer the oligonucleotide, the less chance there is of it binding to sequences other than the desired target sequence under conditions of high stringency.

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C bands detects centromeric heterochromatin in chromosome. 

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T bands specially telomere staining. 

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Duplication- is a mutation in which part of the chromosome has been doubled.

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Reverse duplication - Duplicated segment is inverted.

 

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Tandem duplication - Duplicated chromosome segment is adjacent to the original segment.

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In heterozygotes DUPLICATIONS - The pairing and synapsis of homologous regions require that one or both chromosomes loop and twist.