Direct-carcinogens includes:

Ethylmethane sulfonate (EMS)
Dimethyl sulfate (DMS)
Nitrogen mustards

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

A mutation, valine to glutamine in the TM region of the HER2 receptor causes dimerization of the receptor, even in the absence of the ligand, transforming it into the oncoprotein NEU, a constitutively active protein tyrosine kinase.

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Deletion that causes loss of the extracellular ligand-binding domain in the EGF receptor leads, to

constitutive activation of the kinase activity of the resulting oncoprotein, ErbB.

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

A point mutation substitutes any other amino acid

for the glycine12 in the Ras, the normal protein is converted into a constitutively active oncoprotein

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Ras-GAP protein, 

NF1 (neurofibromatosis)

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#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Inherited a single mutant NF1 allele then develop neurofibromas, a benign tumor of the sheath cells that surround nerves, caused by loss of both alleles through LOH.