Common types of hydrolytic DNA damage.

Deamination of cytosine creates uracil

Depurination of guanine by hydrolysis creates apurinic deoxyribose

Deamination of 5-methylcytosine generates a natural base in DNA, thymine

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#Id: 9279

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

The binding of Nod factors to the Nod factor receptors (NFRs), which contain extracellular LysM motifs, initiates an interaction with the conserved SYMRK receptor-like kinases containing a leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain.

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#Id: 9137

#Unit 10. Ecological Principles

Toxoplasma gondii

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 7097

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

In bacteria and mitochondria, the formyl residue on the initiator methionine is removed from the protein by a specific deformylase enzyme to generate a normal NH2 terminus.

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#Id: 6307

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

Under these conditions, a ribosome-associated protein called RelA receives the “alarm” and produces the “alarmone” ppGpp, which destabilizes open promoter complexes whose lifetimes are normally short, thus inhibiting Transcription. 

The protein DskA binds to RNA polymerase and reduces the lifetimes of the rrn open promoters to a level at which they are responsive to changes in iNTP and ppGpp concentrations. Thus, DskA is required for the regulation of rrn  transcription by these two small molecules. 

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#Id: 2564

#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

The loop region of the beacon is designed to bind specifically to a target nucleic acid. Thus, in the presence of the target nucleic acid, the stem region of the beacon becomes separated, releasing the fluorophore from the quencher such that active fluorescence can be observed.