One of the most mutagenic base analogs is 5-bromouracil, an analog of thymine.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 5569

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Meanwhile, hypotonic fluid  flows into the distal tubule, andisotonic and subsequently hypertonic fluid flows into the

ascending thick limb

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#Id: 5570

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

The process keeps repeating & the final result is a gradient of osmolality from the top to the bottom of the loop

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#Id: 5571

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

In juxtamedullary nephrons with longer loops and thin ascending limbs, the osmotic gradient is spread over a greater distance and the osmolality at the tip of the loop is greater.

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#Id: 5572

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

Recirculation of Urea from the Collecting Duct to the Loop of Henle Contributes to Hyperosmotic Renal medullary interstitium and formation of concentrated urine

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#Id: 5573

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

The recirculation of urea helps to trap urea in the renal medulla and contributes to the hyperosmolarity of the renal medulla.

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#Id: 5574

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

There are four isoforms of the transport protein:  UT-A in the kidneys (UT-A1 to UT-A4) UT-B in the erythrocytes & descending limbs of the vasa recta