The oxaloacetate is converted to PEP by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. This Mg2+ dependent reaction requires GTP as the phosphoryl group donor.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 3229

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide is responsible for cancer development forms an adduct with guanine:

(+)-trans-anti-B-(a)-P-N superscript 2-d G adduct

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 3231

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

(+)-trans-anti-B-(a)-P-N superscript 2-d G adduct causes polymerase to insert an A rather than a C opposite the modified G base (Transversion mutation)

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 3232

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Potent form of benzo(a)pyrene induces inactivating mutations at codons 175, 248, & 273 of the p53 gene.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 3234

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Noncoding RNAs (RNAs that do not encode proteins),
especially micro-RNAs (miRNAs), play a critical role in tumorigenesis.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 3235

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Let-7 miRNAs act like tumor-suppressors down-regulate the translation of Ras & targets oncogenic transcription factor MYC

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 3237

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

miR-15-a and miR-16-1 act like tumor-suppressors;
they normally inhibit B cell proliferation