Mutations occur at the same rate in both exons and introns, but exon mutations are eliminated more effectively by selection.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8898

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

If Amphitelic attachment occur  Microtubules pull kinetochores; cohesins resist this pulling force. The resulting tension leads to the outer kinetochore component Ndc80 being pulled away from the protein kinase Aurora B

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8900

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

The Aurora protein kinase family members Aurora A and Aurora B and their associated regulatory factors sense kinetochores that are not under tension and sever these microtubule attachments

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8901

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

Condensin association with chromosomes is facilitated by mitotic CDKs and Aurora B, which phosphorylate histone H2A, allowing condensins to bind chromatin.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8902

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

Condensins package chromosomes by creating loops by forming intrachromosomal linkages and causes reduction in chromosome length, up to 10,000-fold in vertebrates.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8903

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

Chromosome compaction involving progressive chromosome looping:

During prophase, condensin II binds DNA and extrudes large loops

In prometaphase, condensin I forms additional loops nested within the loops formed by condensin II

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 8904

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization