The most common antibiotics used are penicillin and streptomycin, which inhibit a wide spectrum of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Penicillin acts by inhibiting the last step in bacterial cell wall synthesis while streptomycin blocks protein synthesis.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 7772

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

The inner membrane is surrounded by the outer nuclear membrane, which is continuous with the membrane of the ER. The outer nuclear membrane is studded with ribosomes engaged in protein synthesis.

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#Id: 7773

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

Transport of proteins from the cytoplasm into the nucleus and movement of macromolecules, including mRNAs, tRNAs, and ribosomal subunits, out of the nucleus occurs through nuclear pores, which span both membranes of the nuclear envelope.

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#Id: 7774

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

Each nuclear pore is formed from an elaborate structure termed the nuclear pore complex (NPC), which is one of the largest discrete protein assemblages in the cell.

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#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

The total mass of the pore structure is 60,000– 80,000 kDa in vertebrates, which is about 16 times larger than a ribosome.

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#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

In one minute, each NPC is estimated to import 60,000 protein molecules into the nucleus, while exporting 50–250 mRNA molecules, 10–20 ribosomal subunits, & 1000 tRNAs out of the nucleus.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 7777

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

An NPC is made up of many copies of some 30 different proteins called nucleoporins.