Negative staining- heavy metal coats the grid but is excluded from the regions where the sample has adhered.

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#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Dihydrozeatin (DZ) and isopentenyl adenine (iP) also are commonly found in higher plants and bacteria.

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#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Cytokinin biosynthesis, catalyzed by isopentenyl transferase (IPT), is the addition of the isopentenyl side chain from DMAPP (dimethylallyl diphosphate) to an adenosine moiety (ATP or ADP). iPRTP or iPRDP is converted to ZTP or ZDP respectively by cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP735A) and eventually is converted to zeatin.

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#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Many plant tissues contain the enzyme cytokinin oxidase, which cleaves the side chain from zeatin (both cis and trans), zeatin riboside, iP, and their N-glucosides, but not their O-glucoside derivatives

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#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Cytokinin Primary site of synthesis -- root tips. High concentrations -- immature seeds and developing fruits

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#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Biological effects of cytokinins

Removes       Promotes accumulation of G1 cyclins (CycD)

inhibitory

phosphate 

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#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Cytokinin has been linked to the activation of a Cdc25- like phosphatase, whose role is to remove an inhibitory phosphate group from the Cdc2 kinase.  Cytokinins elevate the expression of the CYCD3 gene, which encodes a D-type cyclin