Negative staining- heavy metal coats the grid but is excluded from the regions where the sample has adhered.

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#Unit 10. Ecological Principles

The host has a strong immunological response to microparasitic infections.

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#Unit 10. Ecological Principles

Macroparasitic infections, the immunological response is short-lived, the infections tend to be persistent.

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#Unit 10. Ecological Principles

General life history traits of parasitic and predatory organisms

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#Unit 10. Ecological Principles

Parasitoids develop as internal parasites of insect immature stages. The adult parasitoid lays its eggs in or on the host and the larvae usually develop internally. 

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#Unit 10. Ecological Principles

Some parasitoids themselves serve as hosts for other parasitoids, which are known as hyperparasitoids.

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#Unit 10. Ecological Principles

Many species of macroparasites cannot complete their life cycles without the presence of at least two different host species

Definitive host - Exhibit sexual reproduction 

Intermediate hosts – Nonreproducing