Antigen can be detected or measured by a sandwich ELISA .In this technique, the antibody (rather than the antigen) is immobilized on a microtiter well. 

A sample containing antigen is added and allowed to react with the immobilized antibody. After the well is washed, a second enzyme- linked antibody specific for a different epitope on the antigen is added and allowed to react with the bound antigen

After any free second antibody is removed by washing, substrate is added, and the colored reaction product is measured.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 2048

#Unit 8. Inheritance Biology

X-Linked Recessive Trait

a. Usually more males than females are affected.

b. Affected sons are usually born to unaffected mothers; thus, the trait skips generations.

c. Approximately half of a carrier (heterozygous) mother’s sons are affected.

d. Never passed from father to son.

e. All daughters of affected fathers are carriers.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 2049

#Unit 8. Inheritance Biology

X-Linked Recessive Trait

a. Usually more males than females are affected.

b. Affected sons are usually born to unaffected mothers; thus, the trait skips generations.

c. Approximately half of a carrier (heterozygous) mother’s sons are affected.

d. Never passed from father to son.

e. All daughters of affected fathers are carriers.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 2050

#Unit 8. Inheritance Biology

X-Linked Dominant Trait

a. Both males and females are usually affected; often, more females than males are affected.

b. Does not skip generations. Affected sons must have an affected mother; affected daughters must have either an affected mother or an affected father.

c. Affected fathers pass the trait to all their daughters.

d. Affected mothers (if heterozygous) pass the trait to half of their sons and half of their daughters.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 2051

#Unit 8. Inheritance Biology

Y-Linked Trait

a. Only males are affected.

b. Passed from father to all sons.

c. Does not skip generations.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 2052

#Unit 8. Inheritance Biology

Cytoplasmic Inheritance

a. Present in males and females.

b. Usually inherited from one parent, typically the maternal parent.

c. Reciprocal crosses give different results.

d. Exhibit extensive phenotypic variation, even within a single family.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 2053

#Unit 8. Inheritance Biology

Homoplasmy- All mutated mitochondria

Heteroplasmy- wild type + mutant mitochondria