Evolution might favor traits that benefit the population or species, When one individual’s behavior benefits another, the behavior is cooperative.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10033

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

β subunit of I-κB kinase phosphorylates two N-terminal serine residues on I-κBα

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10034

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

An E3 ubiquitin ligase binds to Phosphoserines of I-κBα & links poly-K48-linked ubiquitin chains that target the attached I-κBα protein to the proteasomal degradation

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10035

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

NF-κB signaling is turned off by negative feedback

regulation because one of the genes whose transcription is induced by NF-κB encodes I-κBα.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10036

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Signalsomes 

Signal transduction by the interleukin 1 and TLRs involves formation of huge multiprotein complexes, activate I-κB kinase

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10037

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

IL-1β receptors contain a globular TIR domain; binding of IL-1β to IL-1 receptors triggers dimerization

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10038

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

After dimerization MyD88 proteins bind to the IL-1R through the TIRs, and facilitates the binding of many copies of the kinases IRAK4 and IRAK1 or IRAK2