C. elegans oocyte use the “partitioning-defective,” or PAR proteins, in establishing cell polarity. 

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#Id: 4612

#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

The TUNEL Assay measures Apoptotically Generated DNA Fragmentation.

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#Id: 4613

#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

TUNEL method uses TdT to add BrdU to fixed and permeabilized cells which can only incorporated into fragmented DNA of apoptotic cells.

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#Id: 4614

#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

BrdU is incorporated into the newly synthesized DNA, and is then detected with fluorescently labeled anti-BrdU antibodies

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#Id: 4615

#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

Caspases western blotting assay is also used to detect apoptosis

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#Id: 4616

#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

The total concentration of antibody in the equilibrium dialysis chamber is known, the equilibrium equation can be rewritten as:

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#Id: 4617

#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

 Scatchard plots are based on repeated equilibrium dialyses with a constant concentration of antibody and varying concentration of ligand. 
If all antibodies have the same affinity, then a Scatchard plot yields a straight line with a slope of Ka. The x intercept is n, the valency of the antibody, which is 2 for IgG and other divalent Igs. For IgM, which is pentameric, n  10, and for dimeric IgA, n  4. In this graph, antibody #1 has a higher affinity than antibody #2.