R:FR ratio and seed germination,

large-seeded species, with ample food reserves to sustain prolonged seedling growth in darkness (e.g., underground), do not require light for germination.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10561

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Necroptosis pathway triggered by activation of RIPK1 kinase.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10562

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Activated RIPK1 forms multiprotein complexes via its RHIM domain with the kinase RIPK3, and RIPK3 becomes activated by phosphorylation

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10563

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Active RIPK3 phosphorylates the kinase-like domain of the MLKL protein

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10564

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Phosphorylated MLKL form

oligomers that insert into the plasma membrane and form holes, allowing Ca2+ entry.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10565

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Ca2+ influx causes the cell and its organelles to swell

and burst, releasing its contents into the extracellular space which trigger activation of immune-system cells

and cause tissue inflammation and damage

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10566

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling