Input of energy in the form of ATP is required at several stages for the prepriming reaction, and it is required for unwinding DNA.

The helicase action of DnaB depends on ATP hydrolysis, and the swivel action of gyrase requires ATP hydrolysis.

ATP also is needed for the action of primase and to load the b subunit of Pol III in order to initiate DNA synthesis.

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#Id: 8437

#Unit 10. Ecological Principles

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#Id: 3808

#Unit 5. Developmental Biology

Newly activated genes are:

Adenylate cyclase A (ACA)

PKA

Extracellular cAMP phosphodiesterase PdsA

An intracellular cAMP phosphodiesterase RegA

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#Id: 6409

#Unit 2. Cellular Organization

Dual hairpin formation (Region 3-4 forms hairpin then second hairpin is formed between Region 1-2) release RNA-DNA hybrid and RNA Polymerase causes seizing transcription of trp operon at high trp concentration.

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#Id: 5542

#Unit 7. System Physiology – Animal

The thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle is the site of action of the powerful “loop” diuretics such as

Furosemide

Ethacrynic acid

Bumetanide 

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#Id: 10111

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Gap junctions permit the passage of molecules as large as 1.2 nm in diameter (molecules smaller than 1200 Da).