Plasmin is formed from its inactive precursor, plasminogen, by the action of thrombin and tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA).

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 6106

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

Thymine dimers cause mutations in two ways. (1) Dimers perturb the structure of DNA double helices and interfere with accurate DNA replication. (2) Errors occur during the cellular processes that repair defects in DNA, such as UV-induced thymine dimers To identify chemicals that are converted into mutagens in the liver, the Ames test treats potential indirect mutagens with a mixture of liver extract

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 6107

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 6108

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

In ames test reversal mutants are formed by same mutagen which caused forward mutation.

A more potent mutagen translates

into a greater number of revertant colonies

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 6109

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

Some chemicals that cause cancers are not mutagenic to begin with, but rather are converted into mutagens by the liver, which metabolizes foreign substances. 

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 6110

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

There are 3 cellular ways to treat mutations on DNA

Repair- Most common

Reversal- Most expensive and rare

Bypass – Last resort and carry mutation without correction

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 6111

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

Genes whose products are involved in controlling the fidelity of DNA synthesis during either replication or repair may be identified by mutations that have a mutator phenotype called as mut system of repair or MMR