Reduced Ventricular Ejection

Because the aortic valve is still open, blood continues to be ejected from the left ventricle into the aorta, albeit at a reduced rate.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10088

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Integrins typically exhibit low affinities for their ligands, with dissociation constants (Kd) between 10−6 and 10−7 mol/L.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10089

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Integrins are involved in biological activities, includes: 

Extravasation

Cell-to-cell adhesion

Cell migration

Receptors for certain viruses

Angiogenesis

Apoptosis

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10090

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Integrins can mediate outside-in and inside-out signaling

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10091

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Outside-in signaling

Binding of integrins to their ligands induces conformational changes in their cytoplasmic domains, directly or indirectly altering their interactions with cytoplasmic proteins

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10092

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Inside-out signaling

intracellular signaling pathways can, via adapter proteins, modify the ability of integrins to bind

to their extracellular ligands

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10093

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Integrin exist in two conformations: 

Inactive, low-affinity, “bent” conformation  

Active, high-affinity, “extended” conformation