Third heart sound (S3) 

normal in children but is not heard in normal adults

indicates volume overload, as in congestive heart failure or advanced mitral or tricuspid regurgitation.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9513

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Bacteria frequently deploy a “quorum‐sensing” mechanism to facilitate successful colonization of plant tissue

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9514

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Quorum sensing in Erwinia carotovora is mediated by N‐acylhomoserine lactones, small molecules released from the bacterial cells into the surrounding medium.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9515

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

Phytoplasmas are specialized bacteria that are obligate parasites of the phloem tissue. They are mainly

spread by insects in the families Cicadellidae (leaf hoppers),

Fulgoroidae (plant hoppers), and Psyllidae (jumping plant

lice). 

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9516

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

The xylem‐colonizing bacterium Xylella fastidiosa is transmitted by various species of Homalodisca in the family Cicadellidae.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9517

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

During infection, most bacteria remain in extracellular spaces and use a specialized mechanism, the type III secretion system (T3SS), to deliver bacterial effector proteins into the plant cell

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9518

#Unit 6. System Physiology – Plant

The structural components of the T3SS are encoded by the clustered hypersensitive response and pathogenicity cluster (hrp) genes.