The termination sequences are unidirectional; that is, they function in only one orientation. The ter site is recognized by a unidirectional contrahelicase

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#Unit 11. Evolution and Behavior

Altruism

Altruistic acts serve to benefit the individual’s close relatives, or kin. They enhance the fitness of other individuals—their offspring—at a cost to themselves.

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#Unit 11. Evolution and Behavior

An individual carrying the allele can pass copies of it to his or her own children. This is the allele’s direct fitness. The allele can also pass extra copies of itself to the next generation as the result of the increased fitness of relatives that benefit from the altruistic individual’s actions. This is the allele’s indirect fitness. 

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#Unit 11. Evolution and Behavior

Allele’s inclusive fitness = Direct fitness + Indirect fitness

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#Unit 11. Evolution and Behavior

Hamilton’s rule

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#Unit 11. Evolution and Behavior

Degree of genetic relatedness

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#Unit 11. Evolution and Behavior