The genomes of all retroviruses contain the three genes gag, pol and env.

For sustainable expression of a trangene in the successive generation of a cell line in culture, the ideal gene transfer can be obtained using 

 lentiviral vector 

adenoviral vector 

 plasmid DNA containing the transgene 

only transgenic DNA

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9211

#Unit 11. Evolution and Behavior

THE MAGNITUDE OF GENETIC DRIFT

n  = population size

pq=allelic frequency

sp2=variance in allelic frequency among the populations

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9212

#Unit 11. Evolution and Behavior

Loss of their original diversity per generation

=1/2n

Gain of their original diversity per generation

=1/2n 

Gain or Loss of their original diversity per generation

=1/4n

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9213

#Unit 11. Evolution and Behavior

Probability of being heterozygote in given population

H = 1 - 1/2N

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9214

#Unit 11. Evolution and Behavior

Effective population size(Ne)

Effective number of breeding adults in a population.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9215

#Unit 11. Evolution and Behavior

Some factor determine Ne

1.Sex ratio.

2.Variation between individual in reproduction success.

3.Fluctuation in population size.

4.The age structure of the population.

5.Mating is random.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9216

#Unit 11. Evolution and Behavior

Ne = Male + Female  (when both are equal)

Ne = 4 × n(male) × n(female)/n(male)+n(female) 

(When both unequal Ne is smaller than then sum of both)