Attenuator riboswitch (Leader sequence) is made up of almost 140 nt which further can be divided into four Intra -complementary regions 

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#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, commonly known as ELISA (or EIA), is similar in principle to RIA but depends on an enzyme rather than a radioactive label. 

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#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

Antigen can be detected or measured by a sandwich ELISA .In this technique, the antibody (rather than the antigen) is immobilized on a microtiter well. 

A sample containing antigen is added and allowed to react with the immobilized antibody. After the well is washed, a second enzyme- linked antibody specific for a different epitope on the antigen is added and allowed to react with the bound antigen

After any free second antibody is removed by washing, substrate is added, and the colored reaction product is measured.

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#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

What are the principles in flow cytometry?

Light scattered by a laser or arc lamp

Specific fluorescence detection

Hydrodynamically focused stream of particles

Electrostatic particle separation for sorting

Multivariate data analysis capability

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#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

3H thymidine uptake assays were the first to be used routinely to measure cell division in lymphocyte cultures.

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#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

Colorimetric Assays for Cell Division Are Rapid and Eliminate the Use of Radioactive Isotopes

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#Unit 13. Methods in Biology

Colorimetric Assays for Cell Division Are Rapid and Eliminate the Use of Radioactive Isotopes