Proteins bound at enhancer elements interact with proteins bound at promoter elements via DNA looping, very often through intermediates called coactivators.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 6104

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

Base alkylation products activate error-prone DNA repair processes that introduce transitions, transversions, and frameshift mutations during the repair process

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 6105

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

In contrast to most alkylating agents, the hydroxylating agent hydroxylamine (NH2OH) has a specific mutagenic effect. It induces only G:C → A:T transitions.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 6106

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

Thymine dimers cause mutations in two ways. (1) Dimers perturb the structure of DNA double helices and interfere with accurate DNA replication. (2) Errors occur during the cellular processes that repair defects in DNA, such as UV-induced thymine dimers To identify chemicals that are converted into mutagens in the liver, the Ames test treats potential indirect mutagens with a mixture of liver extract

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 6107

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 6108

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

In ames test reversal mutants are formed by same mutagen which caused forward mutation.

A more potent mutagen translates

into a greater number of revertant colonies

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 6109

#Unit 3. Fundamental Processes

Some chemicals that cause cancers are not mutagenic to begin with, but rather are converted into mutagens by the liver, which metabolizes foreign substances.