Growth hormone is necessary for controlling background metabolic functions of the testes, specifically promotes early division of the spermatogonia themselves

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9356

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

RI will not bind to RII unless RII is bound to TGF-β.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9357

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

RII phosphorylates serine and threonine in the juxtamembrane segment of the RI (ligand induced receptor hetero-oligomerization), releasing the inhibition of RI kinase activity.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9358

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Active type I receptor kinase phosphorylates a Smad

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9359

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Three types of Smad proteins function in the TGF-β signaling pathway: 

R-Smads (Smad2 and Smad3)

Co-Smads (Smad4)

I-Smads (Smad7)

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9360

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

Smad2/3 become phosphorylated by active RI receptors and together with Smad4 move into the nucleus to activate gene transcription

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 9361

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

R-Smads comprising: 

An N-terminal MH1 domain

A central proline-rich linker 

A C-terminal MH2 domain