Proximate causes - The subject of cell biology, neurobiology, and many other biological disciplines

Ultimate causes - Their historical causes, especially the action of natural selection

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10023

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

NF-κB 

heterodimeric transcription factor, composed of p50 and p65 subunits

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10024

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

NF-κB pathway is activated by:

components of bacterial or fungal cell walls or segments of bacterial DNA bind to Toll-like receptors

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10025

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10026

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

NF-κB pathway is activated by:

TNFα and IL-1, released by immune cells in response to infection.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10027

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

NF-κB stimulates expression of several anti-apoptotic proteins, including FLIP, Bcl-XL, A1/Bfl-1, c-IAP, XIAP, TRAF1, and TRAF2.

TLS Online TPP Program

#Id: 10028

#Unit 4. Cell Communication and Cell Signaling

In certain immune cells, NF-κB stimulates expression of iNOS (inducible isoform of the enzyme that produces NO), which is toxic to bacterial cells